Sunlight, Photosyntesis & Vitamin D

 

Welcome to the Sunlight Section of the ADC Website

Direct sunlight is required for all life on Earth.  It provides health benefits from the Vitamin D we receive from sunlight.  It acts as a disenfectant for molds, mildews, viruses, and the reduces the spread of the flu.  It provides photosynthesis which is needed for all plants to grow strong and healthy enough to produce food crops. And it drives the production of electrical power through solar panels.

We are already reducing the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth with a variety of programs and pollutants.  Now a small group of scientists are working to implement geoengineering experiments to reduce more direct sunlight from reaching the Earth. The sun has a great influence on our oceans, weather, and climate.

What Happens when we Reduce the Amount of Direct Sunlight Reaching the Earth?

Why are Many of us Suffering the Health Effects of Lack of Vitamin D?  What are these Health Effects?  Visit the Vitamin D Section of the ADC Website:  http://www.agriculturedefensecoalition.org/content/categories-agriculture-defense-coalition-and-california-skywatch?q=vitamin-d

What is Reducing the Amount of Direct Sunlight Reaching the Earth?

Toxic chemicals and particles are also being discussed by Geoengineers for use in our atmosphere without any consideration for the acid rains that they will produce.  More air pollution and contamination of our water resources and soils or changes in soil pH will be the result.  These programs will also impact plant health, crop production, and tree health.  Sea salt is being proposed for usage to make clouds brighter without considering that salt makes soils unproductive and water unfit to drink or be used for crop irrigation.

Geoengineering promoting scientists are aware that NASA studies (See Geoengineering Section of this website for NASA Documents), show that jets are leaving persistent jet contrails that exacerbate global warming, change our climate and have negative impacts on natural resources.  And we have a variety of experimental atmospheric programs that are using the atmosphere as a physics testing laboratory like HAARP in Alaska, the NASA and U.S. Air Force CRESS and Night Clouds Programs, the U.S. Navy and NASA atmospheric CARE program (which deployed into the Atmospherice an Aluminum Oxide Dust Clouds on September 19, 2009).  In additional there are experimental weather modification programs, ocean iron fertilization, and other experiments that are all ongoing.  (This website provides the documents, studies, and other information about these programs.)

Honey bees, and other species, depend upon UV radiation for communication and navigation purposes.  In addition, with ever-increasing UV Radiation reaching the Earth our increasing atmospheric experiments may have already damaged these protective atmospheric layers.  Prior to allowing more experimental geoengineering schemes to be deployed in our oceans and atmosphere, without public consent or oversight, we need to engage in public debate and hear from scientists from all categories...not just the ones that will benefit financially from the geoeingeering schemes that they are promoting.   

Global Geoengineering Governance is being planned, without public participation, by both the U.S. and the UK Parliament...it is time to say "no" to all of it until the public is fully informed of the consequences of deploying these schemes. 

Direct sunlight benefits all of us in so many ways.  It is now time to put the brakes on these experimental geoengineering and other atmospsheric experiments.  The negative consequences of using our oceans or the atmosphere as giant experimental physics laboratories, may exacerabate or contribute to make our problems worse than the problems we are now experiencing.  And maybe our own current experiments are causing many of our problems. 

We also know from many studies that a lack of direct sunlight lowers crop production when normal rainfall is present.  Direct sunlight is good for all living things on the planet - it provides for life as we know it. (See the Vitamin D Health information in the pdfs below-there is growing body of evidence that shows increasing health consequences from lack of Vitamin D, including rickets in children.  Could this be partially caused by the man-made clouds described in NASA studies?)

Investigate & Protect Your Family Today...

General Articles & Posters

2A 2007 NewsWithViews.com Solar Power+Man-Made Clouds September 4, 2007.pdf

2A 2008 NWV Ultraviolet Radiation Warning Article by Rosalind Peterson July 2008.pdf

2A DIMINISHED SOLAR CAPACITIES PERSISTENT JET CONTRAILS 2007-2008 DW.pdf


Aluminum

 

2B 2003 NOAA M.D. Particles CSU Study Cirrus Clouds Aluminum Oxide-Alumina Silicate-Iron Oxide-Nanoscale.pdf

California Issues

 

2C 2007 Stunted Rangeland Feed Growth March 9, 2007 Lack of Direct Sunlight and Increasing Man-Made Clouds-Problems.pdf

2D 2010 33 NASA Heavy Regional Haze Cuts Crop Production-Reduces Amount of Sunlight Reaching Earth JAN 3, 2010.pdf

2D 2010 SF Chronicle Graph-Food Sources for Vitamin D January 9, 2010.pdf

2DZ 2008 Next Energy News September 18, 2008 Researchers Create Synthetic Tree to Study Organic Heat Transfer.pdf

Global Dimming - Lack of Direct Sunlight Reaching the Earth - Lower Crop Production

BBC: Global Dimming

BBC Horizon cautions that some viewers may find this documentary disturbing as it examines the power of what scientists call 'Global Dimming'. There are 5 Parts to this series. Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5

2G 2003 Dimming Earth December 18, 2003 Guardian Unlimited - Earth is Darker.pdf

2G 2003 Sunlight Dimming Goodbye Sunshine December 18, 2003 Guardian Unlimited Article.pdf

2G 2005 BBC Global Dimming December 8, 2005 Science+Nature News.pdf

2G 2005 BBC Global Dimming January 15, 2005 News.pdf

2G 2005 Dimming Sunlight BBC JAN 13, 2005 Australian Scientists say Amount of Solar Energy Reaching the Earth Falling 22%.pdf

2G 2005 Global Dimming=Climate Change January 15, 2005 BBC News.pdf

2G 2006 Scientists Baffled by Less Sunlight Reaching Earth JAN 24, 2006 Live Science-Man-Made Clouds-Questions.pdf

2G 2006 Brown Cloud Global Dimming Climate India 2006 ABC Project-Pollutants+Haze.pdf

2G 2006 Dimming the Sun NOBA PBS April 18, 2006 David Sington.pdf

2G 2006 Dimming the Sun NOVA PBS April 18, 2006 Discoveries in Global Dimming.pdf

2G 2006 Dimming the Sun NOVA PBS April 18, 2006 The Contrail Effect.pdf

2G 2006 Dimming the Sun NOVA PBS April 18, 2006 Transcript.pdf

2G 2006 Dimming the Sun NOVA PBS April 18, 2006 Website.pdf

2G 2006 Global Dimming Jets Blocking Out The Sun England May 3, 2006.pdf

2G 2006 NJIT Sunlight Less January 13, 2006 But Temperatures Rise - What is the impact of Man-Made Clouds.pdf

2G 2006 Sunlight - Blocking Out The Sun May 3, 2006 The Evening Star News.pdf

2G 2006 Sunlight Less But Temperatures Rise EurekAlert January 13, 2006 New Jersey Institute of Technology Study.pdf

2G 2007 Global Sunscreen Has Likely Thinned+Aerosols NASA Study March 16, 2007 Science Daily News.pdf

2G 2007 Honey Bee Sunlight Link October 2007 Nature - Questions Solar Radiation Management-Higher UV+Infrared Radiation.pdf

2G 2007 Scientist Predict Asian Dust Plume-U.S. Climate Change NCAR ENN News May 16, 2007 Questions-Sunlight Dimming.pdf

2G 2007 Solar Radiation Climate Change March 16, 2007_Science_315_1543 Aerosol Trends-More Studies Needed.pdf

2G 2008 ENN News November 25, 2008 Clouds of Pollution Block Sunlight.pdf

2G 2008 Global Dimming From Air Pollution+Man-Made Clouds ENN UNEP NOV 25, 2008 Studies.pdf

2G 2009 Air Pollution Dims Skies+Pollutes the Air March 12, 2009 Yahoo News No Mention Man-Made Clouds.pdf

2G 2009 Carnegie Mellon Changes in the Sun are not Causing Global Warming-New Study May 12, 2009 SDNews.pdf

2G 2009 Geoengineering More Reflective Agriculture Crops May Have Cooling Effect JAN 20, 2009 NYTimes More GE Crops.pdf

2G 2009 NASA Photosynthesis-Oceans May 28, 2009.pdf

2G 2009 To Turn Down the Global Thermostat, Plant Crops With Glossier Leaves Discover Magazine JAM 20, 2009 GM Crops.pdf

2G 2010 How Does the Sun Effect our Climate-Graphs Union of Concerned Scientists March 10, 2010.pdf

2G 2010 NASA Heavy Regional Haze Cuts Crop Production-Reduces Amount of Sunlight Reaching Earth JAN 3, 2010.pdf

2G 2010 Nature Reports Solar Low Scenario March 18, 2010 - Then Why the Need for Solar Radiation Management.pdf

2G 2011 What Impact Would Sun Dimming Have on Earth Weather PHYSORG News-Telecommunications JAN 24, 2011-New Study.pdf

2GZ 2007 No Comment Global Dimming Wikipedia August 25, 2007.pdf

2GZ 2007 Solar Radiation Climate Change March 16, 2007_Science_315_1543 Aerosol Trends-More Studies Needed.pdf

2GZ 2011 Global Dimming Wikipedia Website July 26, 2011.pdf

 

Health Issues

 

2H 1995 Alaska Science Forum November 10, 1995 SAD Lack of Sunlight.pdf

2H 1999 October 15, 1999 Rickets MMWR Weekely Report CDC.pdf

2H 1999 October 15, 1999 Rickets MMWR Weekly Report CDC.pdf

2H 2001 CDC ATSDR Appendix A - Background Information for Strontium-Rickets-Calcium.pdf

2H 2007 Rickets CDC Increasing 2007-Studies 2000-2003.pdf

2H 2008 Vitamin D KTVU Channel 2 John Fowler 2008 Reports Vitamin D-Human Brain.pdf

2H 2011 Scotland Citizens Have Poor Health Record From Chronic Lack of Sunlight-Lack of Vitamin D Website July 1, 2011.pdf

2H 2011 Types of Health Problems Associated With Lack of Vitamin D Mayo Clinic Website Evidence July 1, 2011.pdf

2H 2011 Vitamin D Dosing Information All Age Levels Mayo Clinic Website July 1, 2011.pdf

2H 2011 Vitamin D Information Mayo Clinic Website July 1, 2011.pdf

2H 2011 Vitamin D Safety Mayo Clinic Information Website July 1, 2011.pdf

2H 2011 Vitamin D Selected References Mayo Clinic Website July 1, 2011.pdf

Man-Made Clouds & Aviation Impacts on Crop Production

 

2M 2007 Insides of Clouds-Sunlight-Aerosols Keys to Climate Change February 27, 2007 Science Daily News.pdf

2M 2008 Aviation Smog 2008 Satellite Pictures NASA Langley Cloud+Radiation Center.pdf

2M 2008 NASA 1 Satellite Picture Aircraft Contrails 2008 Warm Climate.pdf

2M 2009 NASA Jet Aircraft Emissions Contribute to Global Warming-20% in Arctic DEC 21, 2009 Nature News Stanford Study.pdf

2M 2009 NWV Persistent Contrails & Man-Made Clouds July 12, 2009 by Rosalind Peterson-Change the Weather.pdf

2M 2010 HOW AIRCRAFT CONTRAILS FORM MAN-MADE CLOUDS BBCNews January 8, 2010 S-Size.pdf

2M 2010 Jet Contrails Above Britain Can Block Sunshine Over 20,000 Square Miles The Telegraph.co.uk.pdf

2M EPA Jet Fuel Emission Summary WN from April 1999 EPA PA420-R-99-013 Subsonic Jet Fuel Emissions Report.pdf

NASA & NOAA Studies & Reports

 

2N 2005 33 NASA Sun Satellites Solar UV Radiation Study 2005 What is Sun Influence on Ozone.pdf

2N 2006 NASA Haze Dynasty Studies January 17, 2006 Increasing Aerosol Concentrations-Produce Fog-Like Haze.pdf

2N 2007 Global Sunscreen Has Likely Thinned+Aerosols NASA Study March 16, 2007 Science Daily News.pdf

2N 2008 CNN Beam Solar it From Space May 30, 2008 Atmospheric Geoengineering Schemes Could Disrupt this Type of Project.pdf

2N 2009 33 NASA May 29, 2009 Solar Cycles.pdf

2N 2010 NASA Langley Cloud+Radiation Group March 18, 2010 Website http___www-pm.larc.nasa.pdf

2N 2011 Celestial Storm Warnings NYTimes March 10, 2011 Many Questions Raised by U.S. Science Advisor Holdren=Atmospheric Testing.pdf

2N 2011 NASA Patrick Minnis Group Website June 30, 2011 http___www-pm.larc.nasa.pdf

2NZ 2006 Scientist Now Predict Disruptions Caused by Mass Coronal Ejections by Sun Science News March 1, 2006.pdf

Photosynthesis

 

2P 2008 Arsenic Observatory - In Lake, Photosynthesis Relies on Arsenic August 18, 2008 NYTimes.pdf

2P 2008 Photosynthesis Abstract Search 2008 Pentagon Reports.pdf

2P 2008 Photosynthesis Perchlorate Biological Effects Studies Abstract 2008.pdf

2P 2008 Scientists Using Lasers to Create Artificial Photosynthesis May 1, 2008 Counteract Solar Radiation Management Geoengineering.pdf

2P 2009 Next Energy News May 1, 2008 Scientists Using Lasers to Create Artificial Photosynthesis.pdf

2P 2009 Sunlight Photosynthetic Organisms Cope With Wide Range of Light Intensities Study NOV 25, 2009.pdf

2P 2010 Artificial Photosynthesis KQED Climate Watch News July 22, 2010 U.S. Energy Secretary Chu-California.pdf

2P 2010 Sunlight - Photosynthesis Definition 2010 http___www.physorg.pdf

2P PHOTOSYNTHESIS POSTER.pdf

U.S. Patents - Weather Modification

 

2Q 1998 U.S. Patent 5762298 June 9, 1998 Satellites Modify Solar Radiation Weather.pdf

2Q 1999 U.S. Patent 5984239 November 16, 1999 Weather Modification by Artificial Satellites.pdf

Solar Power & Other Sources of Energy Production

 

2R 2008 Air Pollution both Decreases and Increases Rainfall SEPT 11, 2008 Prof Rosenfeld Studies Aerosols.pdf

2S 2007 Mechanical Engineers Create High Tech Solar Panels Science Daily News May 1, 2007.pdf

2S 2008 Alternative Energy Suddenly Faces Headwinds NYTimes October 21, 2008 What is Impact of Global Dimming.pdf

2S 2008 Next Energy News Search 2008 Aerospace-Fuels-Solar Power-Future Aviation.pdf

2S 2008 NYTimes December 26, 2008 Solar Power-Questions About Man-Made Clouds.pdf

2S 2008 Solar NYTimes July 3, 2008 Moratorium Lifted.pdf

2S 2008 Solar Power MIT Discovery Storing Solar Power Without the Sun Shining Juy 31, 2008 Plants.pdf

2S 2008 Solar Power Moratorium NYTimes June 27, 2008 U.S.pdf

2S 2010 Aluminum Maker Eyes Solar Industry ALCOA March 18, 2010 NYTimes.pdf

2S 2010 Solar Energy Utility Foes try to Block Rooftop Solar Panels in Hawaii March 17, 2010 Earthjustice.pdf

2S 2010 Water Oxidation Advance Boots Potential for Solar Fuel from Sunlight EurekAlert March 11, 2010 AAAS.pdf

2S 2010 White House Spurns Idea to Reinstall Solar Panels on White House Roof NYTimes SEPT 10, 2010 Originally Installed by President Carter.pdf

2S 2011 Soaking Up the Sun to Squeeze Bills to Zero NYTimes FEB 14, 2011 Will Not Happen With Geoengineering+Man-Made Clouds.pdf

2S DIMINISHED SOLAR CAPACITIES PERSISTENT JET CONTRAILS 2007-2008 DW.pdf

2SZ 2008 Next Energy News 2007-2008 New Inventions-Safety Questions.pdf

2SZ 2008 Next Energy News 2007-2008 Solar Power-Flight-Satellites-Fuels-Space.pdf

2SZ 2008 Next Energy Search 2008 Solar-Fuels-Flight-Inventions.pdf

2SZ 2010 No Comment Monbiot March 12, 2010 Solar Power-The German Disease http___www.monbiot.pdf

2SZ 2010 Sun King Hedge Fund Manager David Gelbaum NYTimes May 7, 2010 Green Technology-Solar.pdf

Trees

 

2T 1994 Reasons Why Trees and Shrubs May Fail to Bloom-One Reason Lack of Sunlight 1994.pdf

Telescopes Worthless in Near Future

 

2T 2004 Sunlight National Geographic July 2004.pdf

2T 2006 Telescopes Worthless by 2050 BBC March 2, 2006.pdf

2T 2007 Telescopes South Pole February 2007.pdf

Ultra Violet Radiation Issues - Crop Production & Plant Health

 

2U 1991 Ultraviolet Radiation Effects on Biological Systems Diffey 1991.pdf

2U 2001 NASA Ultraviolet Radiation Affects Life Earth September 2001.pdf

2U 2002 WHO Global Solar UV Index Guide.pdf

2U 2007 Honey Bee Sunlight Link October 2007 Nature - Questions Solar Radiation Management-Higher UV+Infrared Radiation.pdf

2U 2007 UV Radiation Sun Protection Measures 2007.pdf

2U 2008 Honey & Bumble Bees NASA Ultraviolet Radiation 2008.pdf

2U 2008 Honey Bee Decline The Independent September 7, 2008 Electronic Smog+Sparrows.pdf

2U 2008 NASA Ultraviolet Radiation UV-B Reaches Earth July 2008.pdf

2U 2008 NASA Ultraviolet Radiation Predictions & Monitoring 2008.pdf

2U 2008 NASA Ultraviolet Radiation References 2008.pdf

2U 2008 NASA Ultraviolet Radiation UV-B July 13, 2008.pdf

2U 2008 NASA Ultraviolet Waves Electromagnetic Spectrum 2008.pdf

2U 2008 NASA UV Radiation Affects Life Earth Surface July 2008.pdf

2U 2008 NWV Ultraviolet Radiation Article by Rosalind Peterson July 2008.pdf

2U 2008 NWV Ultraviolet Radiation Warning July 29, 2008 Article by Rosalind Peterson.pdf

2U 2008 UV EPA How the UV Index is Calculated July 2008.pdf

2U 2008 UV Radiation Australia March 12, 2008 Melanoma Highest Levels Ever Victoria.pdf

2U 2009 Honey Bee Study Kerala, India CCD Link Possible September 2009 Mobile Microwaves.pdf

2U 2009 UV EPA Alert Map March 20, 2009 CPC - Outlooks_ UV Alert Forecast.pdf

2U 2009 Vitamin D Ultraviolet Radiation+Human Health WHO December 2009 Fact Sheet.pdf

2U 2010 Greenhouse Gases Absorb Infrared Radiation Elmhurst College 2010.pdf

2U 2010 Study Shows Mobile Phones Responsible for Disappearance of Honey Bees May 29, 2010 Telegraph.co.uk.pdf

2UB 2000 UV-B USDA Study 2000 Agricultural Vegetation Canopies.pdf

2UB 2008 UV-B Radiation Definition Characteristics July 2008 USDA.pdf

2UB 2008 UV-B Radiation Overview of Health Effects from Increased UB-B Ozone Depletion 2008.pdf

2UB 2008 UV-B USDA Agriculture Sustainability Key Players July 2008.pdf

2UB 2008 UV-B USDA Colorado State University United States Climate Network July 2008.pdf

2UB 2008 UV-B USDA Colorado State University United States Program Sites July 2008.pdf

2UB 2008 UV-B USDA Effects on Agriculture Forests Ecosystems Plants July 2008.pdf

2UB 2008 UV-B USDA Monitoring Research Program Colorado State University July 2008.pdf

2UB 2008 UV-B USDA Monitoring Research Program Colorado State University July 23, 2008.pdf

2UB 2008 UV-B USDA Monitoring Research Program History March 21, 2008.pdf

2UB 2008 UV-B USDA Monitoring Research Program Publications July 2008.pdf

2UB 2008 UV-B USDA Monitoring Research Program Site Map July 23, 2008.pdf

2UB 2008 UV-B USDA Monitoring Research Program Sites U.S. Map July 2008.pdf

2UB 2008 UV-B USDA Monitoring Research Progrm Items of Interest July 2008.pdf

2UZ 2008 No Comment UV Radiation Wikipedia July 13, 2008 Osteomalacia-Rickets.pdf

2UZ 2010 Hotter Burning Sun Warming the Planet The Washington Times July 18, 2010 Atmospheric Testing Causing Problems-Questions.pdf

2UZ 2010 New Scientist Writes What is Wrong with the Sun June 14, 2010 Another Public Scare Tactic-Many Questions.pdf

Oceans & Marine Life - Animals 

 

2W 2009 Vitamin D-Lizards Bask in the Sun for a Vitamin D Boost April 21, 2009 Science Daily News.pdf

2X 2010 Volcano Ash Cloud Iceland Silver Lining Blue Skies-No Crisscrosses Yahoo News April 21, 2010.pdf

No Comment

 

2Z 2009 Next Energy News Aerospace Inventions 2007-2008 Search May 29, 2009.pdf

2Z 2010 SOHO Solar Heliosperic Obsrvatory Sun Image May 28, 2010 http___sohowww.nascom.nasa.pdf


PBS Nova: Dimming the Sun

PBS NOVA asks, "Are vapor trails from aircraft influencing the climate, and if so, should we worry?" See The Contrail Effect


BBC Video (49 Minutes) on Global Dimming December 5, 2006 - Decline of Evaporation along with increasing Global Dimming

Soot and airborne particles add to air pollution which could be the cause of global dimming.  Project INDOEX Study - 10% Fall in Sunlight reaching the Earth-Particle Pollution having a huge effect causing Global Dimming.  Pollution particles were blocking some sunlight and also turning the clouds into giant reflective mirrors.  Ash, soot, sulfur dioxide (man-made particles), found in clouds.  Polluted clouds contained more smaller water droplets...polluted clouds reflecting more light back into space.  This was the cause of Global Dimming.  Making the clouds brighter was having a huge effect on Global Dimming happening all over the world.  (Pacific Ocean and other areas)   The effects of Global Dimming:  More reflective clouds alter the pattern of the world's rainfall creating droughts and other extreme weather events.  Polluted clouds stops the heat of the sun from reaching the Earth.  Europe has already made a start in reducing air pollution which is the major culprit in Global Dimming.  As we reduce the dimming what happens next?

What would the world be like without global dimming?  Vapor trails left behind by high flying aircraft...spreading out blanketing the sky.  Network of contrails coverage have effect on the temperature of the surface of the Earth.  Thus, the September 11, 2001, study when all commercial aircraft were grounded.  Gathering temperature and temperature range records from across the United States in 24 hours.   The climate data results were larger than expected.  Without contrails warmer days and cooler nights.  Largest temperature swing by removing jet contrails and jet fuel emissions during those days.

Skywatch Note:  "Geoengineers are working on Solar Radiation Management to reduce the amount of direct sunlight reaching the Earth without taking into consideration of Global Dimming by adding more pollutants to the atmosphere. If evaporation is less then are we putting more water vapor into the atmosphere through the deliberate release of aircraft produced water vapor in the form of persistent jet contrails?  Extreme weather events are caused by Global Dimming which is the result of air pollution.

We are not sure that the increase in temperature during the day offset by lower night temperatures during 09/11/2001 study when aircraft was grounded is the whole story.  This question was not answered in this presentation.  I am not sure that their conclusions are correct.  And they failed to note that Water Vapor is a Greenhouse Gas and that aviation is a prime source of water vapor production.  This is where the crisis talk starts and the drumbeat against CO2 begins...and the call for action becomes dramatic...Skywatch is not sure that we understand all of the parameters in this equation to be making such dire predictions or to give warming...The David Keith and Ken Caldeira (Geoengineering Proponents), mantra is part of this drumbeat to take dramatic action. The scare tactics may drive experiments that will make these problems worse.

Also there is not discussion of the man-made clouds produced by jet contrails and that they exacerbating global warming in the Arctic and other areas...now many studies are addressing this water vapor (greenhouse gas) issue. 


Bottles of light - Garbage Giving Light "...

A "light bulb" now exists that does not use any conventional energy. Introducing the Solar Bottle Bulb -- an alternative source of daylight powered by the sun. It is made from an old soda bottle. By filling it with water and sealing it into the roof, the water refracts the sun's rays and provides about 55 watts of light to a darkened room. This video take us to The Philipines. The villagers are saving money on electric bills, and literally seeing a big difference in their lives. It can be built and installed in less than 1 hour, and uses inexpensive or recycled materials. The water is mixed with some bleach and does not need replacing for about 2 years. There is no shortage of green jobs for those installing the miracle light bulbs either. The installer in this video had to quit his day job to keep up with the demand!" --B. Farber